Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the seventh century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change. The current nation of Indonesia is a unitary presidential republic consisting of thirty three provinces.
Across its many islands, Indonesia consists of distinct ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. The Javanese are the largest—and the politically dominant—ethnic group. Indonesia has developed a shared identity defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a majority Muslim population, and a history of colonialism including rebellion against it. Indonesia's national motto, "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level of biodiversity. The country is richly endowed with natural resources, yet poverty remains widespread in contemporary Indonesia.
Indonesia consists of 17,508 islands, about 6,000 of which are inhabited. These are scattered over both sides of the equator. The largest are Java, Sumatra, Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea), and Sulawesi. Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island of Timor. Indonesia shares maritime borders across narrow straits with Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines to the north, and with Australia to the south. The capital, Jakarta, is on Java and is the nation's largest city, followed by Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, and Semarang.
At 1,919,440 square kilometers (741,050 sq mi), Indonesia is the world's 16th-largest country in terms of land area. Its average population density is 134 people per square kilometer (347 per sq mi), 79th in the world,[68] although Java, the world's most populous island,[69] has a population density of 940 people per square kilometer (2,435 per sq mi). At 4,884 metres (16,024 ft), Puncak Jaya in Papua is Indonesia's highest peak, and Lake Toba in Sumatra its largest lake, with an area of 1,145 square kilometers (442 sq mi). The country's largest rivers are in Kalimantan, and include the Mahakam and Barito; such rivers are communication and transport links between the island's river settlements. Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East Java. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highest.
Indonesia's location on the edges of the Pacific, Eurasian, and Australian tectonic plates makes it the site of numerous volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. Indonesia has at least 150 active volcanoes, including Krakatoa and Tambora, both famous for their devastating eruptions in the 19th century. The eruption of the Toba supervolcano, approximately 70,000 years ago, was one of the largest eruptions ever, and a global catastrophe. Recent disasters due to seismic activity include the 2004 tsunami that killed an estimated 167,736 in northern Sumatra, and the Yogyakarta earthquake in 2006. However, volcanic ash is a major contributor to the high agricultural fertility that has historically sustained the high population densities of Java and Bali.
Lying along the equator, Indonesia has a tropical climate, with two distinct monsoonal wet and dry seasons. Average annual rainfall in the lowlands varies from 1,780–3,175 millimeters (70–125 in), and up to 6,100 millimeters (240 in) in mountainous regions. Mountainous areas—particularly in the west coast of Sumatra, West Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua—receive the highest rainfall. Humidity is generally high, averaging about 80%. Temperatures vary little throughout the year; the average daily temperature range of Jakarta is 26–30 °C.
Across its many islands, Indonesia consists of distinct ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. The Javanese are the largest—and the politically dominant—ethnic group. Indonesia has developed a shared identity defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a majority Muslim population, and a history of colonialism including rebellion against it. Indonesia's national motto, "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level of biodiversity. The country is richly endowed with natural resources, yet poverty remains widespread in contemporary Indonesia.
Indonesia consists of 17,508 islands, about 6,000 of which are inhabited. These are scattered over both sides of the equator. The largest are Java, Sumatra, Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea), and Sulawesi. Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island of Timor. Indonesia shares maritime borders across narrow straits with Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines to the north, and with Australia to the south. The capital, Jakarta, is on Java and is the nation's largest city, followed by Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, and Semarang.
At 1,919,440 square kilometers (741,050 sq mi), Indonesia is the world's 16th-largest country in terms of land area. Its average population density is 134 people per square kilometer (347 per sq mi), 79th in the world,[68] although Java, the world's most populous island,[69] has a population density of 940 people per square kilometer (2,435 per sq mi). At 4,884 metres (16,024 ft), Puncak Jaya in Papua is Indonesia's highest peak, and Lake Toba in Sumatra its largest lake, with an area of 1,145 square kilometers (442 sq mi). The country's largest rivers are in Kalimantan, and include the Mahakam and Barito; such rivers are communication and transport links between the island's river settlements. Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East Java. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highest.
Indonesia's location on the edges of the Pacific, Eurasian, and Australian tectonic plates makes it the site of numerous volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. Indonesia has at least 150 active volcanoes, including Krakatoa and Tambora, both famous for their devastating eruptions in the 19th century. The eruption of the Toba supervolcano, approximately 70,000 years ago, was one of the largest eruptions ever, and a global catastrophe. Recent disasters due to seismic activity include the 2004 tsunami that killed an estimated 167,736 in northern Sumatra, and the Yogyakarta earthquake in 2006. However, volcanic ash is a major contributor to the high agricultural fertility that has historically sustained the high population densities of Java and Bali.
Lying along the equator, Indonesia has a tropical climate, with two distinct monsoonal wet and dry seasons. Average annual rainfall in the lowlands varies from 1,780–3,175 millimeters (70–125 in), and up to 6,100 millimeters (240 in) in mountainous regions. Mountainous areas—particularly in the west coast of Sumatra, West Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua—receive the highest rainfall. Humidity is generally high, averaging about 80%. Temperatures vary little throughout the year; the average daily temperature range of Jakarta is 26–30 °C.
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Indonesia Version
Indonesia, secara resmi Republik Indonesia, adalah sebuah negara di Asia Tenggara dan Oseania. Indonesia terdiri dari 17.508 pulau. Dengan populasi sekitar 238 juta orang, itu adalah negara keempat terpadat di dunia yang paling, dan memiliki populasi terbesar di dunia Muslim. Indonesia adalah republik, dengan legislatif dan presiden terpilih. Ibukota negara adalah Jakarta. saham Negara ini berbatasan dengan Papua Nugini, Timor Leste, dan Malaysia. Negara tetangga lainnya termasuk Singapura, Filipina, Australia, dan wilayah India Andaman dan Nikobar. Indonesia adalah anggota pendiri ASEAN dan anggota G-20 ekonomi utama.
Kepulauan Indonesia telah menjadi wilayah perdagangan penting setidaknya sejak abad ketujuh, ketika Sriwijaya dan kemudian Majapahit diperdagangkan dengan Cina dan India. penguasa lokal secara bertahap diserap model budaya, agama dan politik asing dari abad-abad pertama CE, dan Hindu dan Budha kerajaan berkembang. sejarah Indonesia telah dipengaruhi oleh kekuatan asing tertarik pada sumber daya alamnya. Pedagang Muslim membawa Islam, dan negara Eropa berperang satu sama lain untuk memonopoli perdagangan di Kepulauan Rempah Maluku selama Age of Discovery. Setelah tiga setengah abad kolonialisme Belanda, Indonesia menyatakan kemerdekaannya setelah Perang Dunia II. Sejarah Indonesia sejak itu bergolak, dengan tantangan yang ditimbulkan oleh bencana alam, korupsi, separatisme, proses demokratisasi dan periode perubahan ekonomi yang pesat. Bangsa Indonesia saat ini adalah presiden republik kesatuan yang terdiri dari tiga puluh tiga propinsi.
Di seberang banyak pulau, Indonesia terdiri dari berbagai suku, bahasa, dan agama yang berbeda. Orang Jawa adalah terbesar dan kelompok politik yang dominan-etnis. Indonesia telah mengembangkan sebuah identitas bersama didefinisikan oleh bahasa nasional, keragaman etnis, pluralisme agama dalam mayoritas penduduk Muslim, dan sejarah kolonialisme, termasuk pemberontakan melawannya. Semboyan nasional Indonesia, "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity" harfiah, "banyak, namun satu"), berarti keberagaman yang membentuk negara. Walaupun populasi yang besar dan daerah padat, Indonesia memiliki wilayah luas padang gurun yang kedua tingkat dukungan tertinggi di dunia keanekaragaman hayati. Negara ini kaya akan sumber daya alam, namun kemiskinan tetap meluas di Indonesia kontemporer.
Indonesia terdiri dari 17.508 pulau, sekitar 6.000 di antaranya dihuni. Ini tersebar di kedua sisi khatulistiwa. Yang terbesar adalah Jawa, Sumatera, Kalimantan (bersama dengan Brunei dan Malaysia), New Guinea (bersama dengan Papua New Guinea), dan Sulawesi. Indonesia berbatasan darat dengan Malaysia di Borneo, Papua Nugini di pulau New Guinea, dan Timor Timur di pulau Timor. Indonesia berbatasan maritim saham di selat sempit dengan Singapura, Malaysia, dan Filipina di utara, dan dengan Australia di selatan. Ibukota, Jakarta, ada di Jawa dan adalah kota terbesar di negara itu, diikuti oleh Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, dan Semarang.
Pada 1.919.440 kilometer persegi (741.050 sq mi), Indonesia adalah negara di dunia 16-terbesar dalam hal luas lahan. kepadatan penduduk rata-rata adalah 134 orang per kilometer persegi (347 per sq mi), 79 di dunia, [68] meskipun Jawa, pulau terpadat di dunia, [69] memiliki kepadatan penduduk 940 orang per kilometer persegi (2.435 per sq mi). Pada 4884 meter (16.024 kaki), Puncak Jaya di Papua adalah puncak tertinggi Indonesia, dan Danau Toba di Sumatera danau terbesarnya, dengan luas 1.145 kilometer persegi (442 mil ²). sungai-sungai di negara terbesar di Kalimantan, dan termasuk Mahakam dan Barito; sungai tersebut komunikasi dan transportasi antara pemukiman sungai pulau. Gunung Semeru dan Gunung Bromo di Jawa Timur. kegiatan di Indonesia seismik dan gunung berapi merupakan salah satu yang tertinggi di dunia.
Indonesia lokasi di tepi lempeng Pasifik, Eurasia, dan Australia tektonik membuat situs banyak gunung berapi dan gempa bumi. Indonesia memiliki sedikitnya 150 gunung berapi aktif, termasuk Krakatau dan Tambora, keduanya terkenal karena letusan dahsyat mereka di abad ke-19. Letusan Supervolcano Toba, kira-kira 70.000 tahun yang lalu, merupakan salah satu letusan terbesar yang pernah, dan bencana global. bencana terbaru karena aktivitas seismik termasuk tsunami 2004 yang menewaskan sekitar 167.736 diperkirakan di Sumatra bagian utara, dan gempa bumi Yogyakarta pada 2006. Namun, abu vulkanik merupakan penyumbang utama terhadap kesuburan pertanian tinggi yang secara historis berkelanjutan kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi Jawa dan Bali.
Berbaring sepanjang khatulistiwa, Indonesia memiliki iklim tropis, dengan dua musim yang berbeda musiman basah dan kering. curah hujan tahunan rata-rata di dataran rendah bervariasi dari 1,780-3,175 milimeter (70-125 in), dan sampai 6.100 mm (240 in) di daerah pegunungan. Daerah-daerah pegunungan-khususnya di pantai barat Sumatera, Jawa Barat, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, dan Papua-menerima curah hujan tertinggi. Kelembaban umumnya tinggi, rata-rata sekitar 80%. Suhu bervariasi sedikit sepanjang tahun, kisaran suhu rata-rata harian Jakarta 26-30 ° C.
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